Despite these efforts, on Aug. 1, 2013, Russia granted Snowden asylum for one year. With the support of the Orthodox Church, Dmitri began rallying the Rus people against the Golden Horde, prompting the Khan to attack Moscow. High-ranking federal officials have condemned anti-Semitic hate crimes, but law enforcement bodies have not always effectively prosecuted those responsible. The president can pass decrees without consent from the Duma. The move heightened tensions between Russia and the West. Government pressure continued to weaken freedom of expression and the independence and freedom of some media, particularly major national television networks and regional electronic media outlets. The main private sector services--wholesale & retail trade, banking & insurance, and transportation & communications--showed strong growth of about 10%. Russia shares borders with fourteen neighboring countries. At the September 2003 Camp David Summit, and again at the Bratislava meeting in February 2005, Presidents Bush and Putin pledged to deepen ongoing cooperation between the two countries to fight HIV/AIDS. Unlike in Novgorod, most of Russia fell under the rule of the khans, first Mongol and later Turkic. In 1611, after five years of conflict, merchants in the city of Nizhny Novgorod began organizing a revolt. In a statement broadcast on Russian television, Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei A. Ryabkov said, "We think that the report was distorted. )Government Revenues: 17.3% of GDP (2017 est. Holder wrote in a letter to Russian Justice Minister Alexander Konovalov that Snowden would not face torture or the death penalty should he be returned to the United States to face charges of espionage. The UN General Assembly passed a resolution on March 27 that declared Russia's annexation of Crimea illegal and described the referendum on the issue as "having no validity." A similar demonstration happened in St. Petersburg. Lake Baikal is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh water. One person was in the car at the time of the explosion. A peace treaty was concluded in May 1997. In 2002, the introduction of the new code led to significant reductions in time spent in detention for new detainees, and the number of suspects placed in pretrial detention declined by 30%. Russia has cut tariffs on imports and set limits on export duties as part of a series of reforms enacted to qualify for entry into the international trading arena. A law enacted in December 2004 eliminated the direct election of the country's regional leaders. Domestic NGOs were not required to re-register, but are required to meeting new reporting requirements. We've got you covered with our map collection. He routinely passed measures to curtail the influence of landowners and the clergy. Historians disagree on the dates involved, but the traditional account of Russian history says the Viking Rurik came to the Russian city of Novgorod in 862 C.E., where he was elected prince. In Sept., Putin nominated Viktor Zubkov, a close ally, as prime minister. Nevertheless, Russia is a leading producer and exporter of minerals, gold, and all major fuels. Ukrainian, European, and American officials said the plane was shot down by a Russian-made surface-to-air missile, citing satellite images. There are rising concerns, however, that prosecutors have selectively targeted individuals for political reasons, as in the prosecution of Yukos Oil CEO Mikhail Khodorkovskiy. First among its political figures was Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party and head of the first Soviet Government, who died in 1924. Retail deposits increased to $144.1 billion from $95.7 billion over the same period. The Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) provides security information and regional news that impact U.S. companies working abroad through its website http://www.osac.gov. Ivan I was believed to be the richest man in Russia at the time as a result of his campaigns. Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation was 9% in 2006 and 10.9% in 2005, having steadily decreased from 20.2% in 2000, due primarily to prudent fiscal policy and in 2006 lower world oil prices. This would all come to an end with Yaroslav's death in 1054, as regional powers began to rise up in opposition. Men, women, and children are among the exploited both inside and outside of the country. In 2003, Russia enacted a deposit insurance law to protect deposits up to 100,000 rubles (about $3,700) per depositor, and a bill is currently in the Duma, which if passed will increase this coverage to 190,000 rubles (about $7,000) per depositor. See 2020 U.S. State Department Trafficking In Persons Report. As reported over the past five years, Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking. Impatient with Yeltsin's increasingly erratic behavior, the Duma attempted to impeach him in May 1999. The U.S. and Russia concluded a bilateral WTO accession agreement in late 2006, and negotiations continue in 2007 on meeting WTO requirements for accession. The move was in response to an aggressive campaign by the Ukrainian military, which included taking control of some of the border crossings that Russia had been using to arm the rebels. Since then, there have been four presidencies split between three presidents (Vladimir Putin being the second president from 2000–2008, and the fourth since 2012). Over 50 per cent of the Chinese population believes that Russia is the country's most important ally, according to a poll published in state-run the Global Times newspaper. For the common person this meant there was no incentive to abide the occupation, and plenty of reason to resent it. Construction was the fastest growing sector of the economy, expanding by 14% in 2006. The Russian Federation is a federal semi-presidential republic. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. As a result of the relentless violence, Russia was unable to resist attacks from Lithuania and Sweden, who devastated large parts of the country, and in 1571 the Khanate of Crimea sacked and burned down Moscow. Russia is now the world's third-largest exporter of steel and primary aluminum. Many of these items date back from before the founding of "Russia," and many originate from Russia's diverse (and widespread) ethnic groups. The Russian Federation is the largest of the 21 republics that make up the Commonwealth of Independent States. Nonetheless, it clearly sent Putin a message. Human rights groups have criticized Russian officials concerning cases of Chechens disappearing while in custody. Russia was defeated in the unpopular Russo-Japanese war in 1905. Trotsky was dismissed as commissar of war in 1925 and banished from the Soviet Union in 1929. It was the largest anti-Kremlin protest since the early 1990s. Many women and children are trafficked into Russia for sexual exploitation from the Ukraine, Moldova, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central Asia for forced. On Oct. 19, 2012, Leonid Razvozzhayev, a Russian opposition leader, disappeared from Kiev, Ukraine. The report did not indicate who was responsible for launching the attack. The demonstrators taken into police custody were sent to military draft offices. Alexander II (1855-1881), a relatively liberal tsar, emancipated the serfs. Learn more about the world with our collection of regional and country maps. The Russian constitution provides for freedom of religion and the equality of all religions before the law, as well as the separation of church and state. Also, currently deposits are fully insured up to $4,000 and an additional $12,000 is insured at 90%. He has never worked in intelligence or security agencies, unlike Putin and many members of his administration. Current plans envision a transition to a mixed force, in which professional soldiers fill the ranks of select units and conscription is gradually phased out. St. Vincent and the Grenadines is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking. Those fears were realized in early April, when pro-Russian protesters and armed militants in the eastern cities of Donetsk, Kharkiv, Luhansk, and Mariupol took over several government buildings and police stations. The Russian troops surrounded Ukrainian military bases, and by March 3, Russia was reportedly in control of Crimea. A strong expansion in domestic demand continues to drive GDP growth, despite a slowdown in manufacturing. After the war, the U.S.S.R. became one of the Permanent Members of the UN Security Council. The Duma, the lower house of Parliament, confirmed the nomination. The people of Russia at the time were largely poor and rural serfs, lacking protection against the brigandry and violence of the time. Standard & Poor's downgraded Russia's credit rating, leaving it just one notch above junk status, investors withdrew about $50 billion from the country, and the stock market fell 13% in 2014. Sub-Saharan migrants generally have Europe as their final destination and pass through Algeria as a transit country. A brief war with Poland in 1920 resulted in Russian defeat. The next month, Moscow joined in the German attack on Poland, seizing territory later incorporated into the Ukrainian and Belorussian SSRs. On Oct. 10, 2012, the Russian government announced it would not renew the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program with the United States when the agreement expires in the spring of 2013. Total: 102,000 km (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea) (2009)Ports and Terminals: Major Seaport(s): Kaliningrad, Nakhodka, Novorossiysk, Primorsk, VostochnyyRiver Port(s): Saint Petersburg (Neva River)Oil Terminal(s): Kavkaz oil terminalContainer Port(s) (TEUs): Saint Petersburg (2,365,174)LNG Terminal(s) (Exports): Sakhalin Island. Ballet may have originated in Italy and France, but in the intervening centuries the Russian style of ballet may be the most famous. Millions more died in political purges, the vast penal and labor system, and in state-created famines. On Feb. 27, 2015, just two days before he was scheduled to lead an opposition peace rally, Boris Nemtsov was shot and killed in Moscow. The fine for those marching in protests was set at $9,000, a steep penalty considering the average yearly salary in Russia is $8,500. Brush up on your geography and finally learn what countries are in Eastern Europe with our maps. Russia was initially alarmed in 2001 when the U.S. announced its rejection of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972, which for 30 years had been viewed as a crucial force in keeping the nuclear arms race under control. Much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture. The pro-government party, United Russia, won close to half of the seats in the Duma. In response to Russia's refusal to comply with the agreement reached in Geneva to rein in the pro-Russian groups, the U.S. imposed additional sanctions in late April on seven Russian individuals, including Igor Sechin, the head of Russia's largest oil producer, and 17 companies with close ties to Putin, targeting some of the country's wealthiest and most powerful businessmen. Although Medvedev assumed the presidency, Putin clearly remained in control of the government and signaled that the premiership would gain broad authority. Russia took the proposal seriously, and Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said, "If the establishment of international control over chemical weapons in the country will prevent attacks, then we will immediately begin work with Damascus. In late 1994, the Russian security forces launched a brutal operation in the Republic of Chechnya against rebels who were intent on separation from Russia. Putin condemned Nemtsov's murder and promised to lead the investigation into his death. A government decision resulted in the elimination of the last major non-state television network in 2003. For example, as part of the agreement, 7,600 nuclear warheads were deactivated and all nuclear weapons were removed from former Soviet territories such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. But the impeachment motion was quickly quashed and soon Yeltsin was on the ascendancy again. We then determine source, transit and destination designations for regions by using a weighted average based on population of the countries in their respective region. Khodorkovsky supported liberal opposition parties, which led many to suspect that President Putin may have engineered his arrest. Aleksey Kosygin became Chairman of the Council of Ministers, and Leonid Brezhnev was made First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in 1964. The influx of foreign missionaries has led to pressure by groups in Russia, specifically nationalists and the Russian Orthodox Church, to limit the activities of these "nontraditional" religious groups. Human rights groups welcome these changes but claim that most abuses remain uninvestigated and unpunished and may be spreading more broadly in the North Caucasus. The Bolshoi Theater is one of the most famous performance halls in the entire world. Poroshenko said as many as 9,000 Russian soldiers were taking part in the fighting in Luhansk and Donetsk, a claim Russia denied. The 1993 constitution empowers the Constitutional Court to arbitrate disputes between the executive and legislative branches and between Moscow and the regional and local governments. But Putin was eventually placated by President George W. Bush's reassurances, and in May 2002, the U.S. and Russian leaders announced a landmark pact to cut both countries' nuclear arsenals by up to two-thirds over the next ten years. On June 8, 2012, Putin signed a law imposing a huge fine on organizers of protests as well as people who take part in them. Transit visas are issued to foreign citizens if they have a visa valid for entering the country of destination upon presenting railway or airline tickets. Government Spending/TaxationThe Russian federal budget has run growing surpluses since 2001, as the government has taxed and saved much of the rapidly increasing oil revenues. Business has put pressure on the government to reduce value added taxes (VAT) on oil and gas, but the government has postponed this discussion. A provisional government came to power, headed by Aleksandr Kerenskiy. Efforts have been made with varying success over the past few years to convert defense industries to civilian use, and the Russian Government is engaged in an ongoing process to privatize the remaining 9,222 state-owned enterprises, 33% of which are in the industrial manufacturing sector. Millions died in the process. About 80% of Russian gas exports to Europe are pumped through Ukraine. This would call into question the city's reputation as the birthplace of Russia. Turkey shot down a Russian warplane for invading its airspace in late Nov. 2015. It was the first terrorist attack in the capital city since 2004, when Moscow experienced a string of deadly violence. During the summer of 2013, Russia's State Duma passed an anti-gay bill with a 436-0 vote. The International Olympic Committee announced in July 2007 that Sochi, Russia, a Black Sea resort, will host the Winter Games in 2014. The Central Bank has followed a policy of managed appreciation to ease the impact on domestic producers and has sterilized capital inflows with its large budget surpluses. Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of area, but it's unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world. On the same day as the opening ceremony, a passenger on a Turkish jetliner told the crew that a bomb was on board and to fly the plane to Sochi. The ban came after the U.S. issued a warning that explosive material could be concealed in toothpaste tubes. During one of the most high-profile trials that Russia's had in years, the band members said their demonstration was political, not an attack on Orthodox Christians. President Medvedev called for an inquiry into the election fraud. The people of the Soviet Union were not content with half-freedoms granted by Moscow; they demanded more and the system collapsed. Dressed in riot gear, police searched cafes and restaurants for protesters. However, cargo and transit services are exempt from this ruling, which starts today. In the political system established by the 1993 constitution, the president wields considerable executive power. Russia and China voted against the resolution, seeing it as a violation of Syria's sovereignty. Also in July 2012, three members of a Russian punk band called Pussy Riot were arrested and put on trial for hooliganism after they performed an anti-Putin song on the altar of Moscow's main Orthodox cathedral. The Russian Consulate issues a Transit visa upon presentation of your travel documents and visa to the country of destination (if necessary). Among Russia's most striking cultural features is its ballet. Opposition parties complained that the election was rigged, and European monitors said the vote wasn't fair. Despite threats of terrorist attacks, complaints about poor preparations, and the international condemnation over their anti-gay law, Russia kicked off the costliest Olympic Games in history on Feb. 7, 2014, with an opening ceremony filled with music, floats and a light show using the most advanced technology available. The law is complex, with many ambiguous and contradictory provisions. Data from the Federal AIDS Center shows that the number of registered cases is doubling every 12 months and is currently at 300,000 persons. On Oct. 31, 2015, Airbus A321-200, an 18-year-old Russian passenger plane, crashed just 20 minutes after taking off from Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Russian consulates also are located in Houston, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle. The supply would start in 2018. Hundreds of hostages were killed, including about 156 children. Qatar Airwaysis also still operating in and out of its nation. Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department recommends that Americans avoid travel to a certain country because the situation is dangerous or unstable. On Oct. 23, 2002, Chechen rebels seized a crowded Moscow theater and detained 763 people, including 3 Americans. The resolution has no enforcement power, making it symbolic. and the significance of the country’s role in the international network as a destination country (rather than a source or transit country). Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the U.S. and Canada or the regular toll line 1-202-501-4444 for callers outside the U.S. and Canada. With a combined $2.7 trillion gross domestic product between the three countries, the union has promise. By most accounts, their attempts to collect policy information were largely ineffective and clumsy, and any material they managed to gather was readily available on the Internet. Such a move would pave the way for Putin to become prime minister, and thus allow him to retain power. A semi-presidential system is one in which there is a prime minister who leads the legislature and exercises some authority, but there is also a president who fulfills an executive role in the government. Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as traditional religions. Russia is a federation, but the precise distribution of powers between the central government and the regional and local authorities is still evolving. Further Electronic InformationDepartment of State Web Site. Consular Information Sheets exist for all countries and include information on entry and exit requirements, currency regulations, health conditions, safety and security, crime, political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. Note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resourcesLand Use: Agricultural land: 13.1% (arable land 7.3%; permanent crops 0.1%; permanent pasture 5.7%), Forest: 49.4%, Other: 37.5% (2011 est. However, more and more small and medium businesses in recent years have reported fewer difficulties in this regard, especially in the Moscow region. Kitsmarishvili stated that Georgian officials told him in April that they planned to start a war in the breakaway regions and were supported by the U.S. government. GDP/PPP: $4 trillion (2017 est. Stalin died on March 6, 1953. Masha, Katya, and Nadya, the three members of Pussy Riot, were convicted of hooliganism on Aug. 17, 2012, and sentenced to two years in a penal colony. The humiliating Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918) concluded the war with Germany, but civil war and foreign intervention delayed Communist control of all Russia until 1920. Consequently, Byzantine culture predominated, as is evident in much of Russia's architectural, musical, and artistic heritage. Soviet historian Roy Medvedev estimated that about 20 million died from starvation, executions, forced collectivization, and life in the labor camps under Stalin's rule. The death of Lenin on Jan. 21, 1924, precipitated an intraparty struggle between Joseph Stalin, general secretary of the party, and Trotsky, who favored swifter socialization at home and fomentation of revolution abroad. However, Russia did not commit to withdrawing the 40,000 troops it has massed on the Ukrainian border. The Russian Federation maintains an embassy at 2650 Wisconsin Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20007 (tel. The law's most controversial provisions distinguish between religious "groups" and "organizations" and introduce a 15-year rule, which allows groups that have been in existence for 15 years or longer to obtain accredited status. Some big-city governments, however, have restricted this right through residential registration rules that closely resemble the Soviet-era "propiska" regulations. The Trans-Siberian Railroad opened vast frontiers to development late in the century. They most likely practiced Tengrism, a traditional Central Asian religion, and drew on a great deal from Eastern cultures. Current troop strength, estimated at 1.1 million, is large in comparison to Russia's GDP and military budget, which continues to make the process of transformation to a professional army difficult. Expectations of membership include an increase of 3% in the Russian GDP, more foreign investment, and a doubling of U.S. exports to Russia—as long as trade relations are normalized through the lifting of the 1974 Jackson-Vanik amendment. Alexander I (1801-1825) began his reign as a reformer, but after defeating Napoleon's 1812 attempt to conquer Russia, he became much more conservative and rolled back many of his early reforms. He also said that there would be "significant consequences." )Employment by Occupation: Agriculture: 9.4%, Industry: 27.6%, Services: 63% (2016 est.) The court also is authorized to rule on violations of constitutional rights, to examine appeals from various bodies, and to participate in impeachment proceedings against the president. )Growth Rate: 1.8% (2017 est. Eventually Novgorod would try to create a military alliance with Lithuania—a Catholic country, which the Muscovites and the common people saw as a betrayal against their shared Orthodoxy. Ivan IV (the Terrible) (1530-1584) was the first Russian ruler to call himself tsar. At least ten people were killed and ten others were wounded. Khrushchev was forced into retirement on Oct. 15, 1964, and was replaced by Leonid I. Brezhnev as first secretary of the party and Aleksei N. Kosygin as premier. Rurik's son Oleg would expand their rule to the city of Kiev, which became their capital. Ninety percent of Russian exports to the United States are minerals or other raw materials. Some of the country's most prominent cultural icons include Leo Tolstoy (War and Peace), Feodor Dostoevksy (The Brothers Karamazov), Aleksandr Pushkin (Eugene Onegin), Modest Moussorgsky (A Night on Bald Mountain), Sergei Eisenstein (Battleship Potemkin) and many more. The cause of the disintegration was not immediately known. By the end of Aug., after a cease-fire agreement between Russia and Georgia was signed, Medvedev severed diplomatic ties with Georgia, officially recognized South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent regions, and pledged military assistance from Russia. The fuel would come from a new pipeline in eastern Siberia. 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