free surface waves we need to understand the boundary conditions on the free surface, any bodies under the waves, and on the sea floor: –Pressure is constant across the interface –Once a particle on the free surface, it remains there always. Surface waves usually have larger amplitudes and longer wavelengths than body waves, and they travel more slowly than body waves do. These waves are similar in many important ways to the familiar waves in air generated by a hand-clap or in water generated by a stone thrown into water. –No flow through an impervious boundary or body. /Length 1396 Waves propagate out from the epicenter along the surface on a three-dimensional view of the earth. /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] Real-time analysis of earthquakes can be endobj
17 0 obj << �a�r�$�^����l��vVic�Owo?gʧ������1Sv��YJ�D���vT�n5��&�=�"]6�bO �s7�@�$
��H���P�%9�j�$����I�|�[o�w��(�]�Ӿ�2��}����[��H^��h�\ �7W 2���~��/��d�~�����m������ȬW�e���hq������L������L���n���u���vQ���]�,�����F'���s��DŽZiqH�cH�{���N��q:)��{�?���Sendstream At the same time viewer can watch waves propagating through a cross-sectional view of the earth. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like sound waves push and pull the air. Body waves are of two types: compressional or primary (P) waves and shear or secondary (S) waves. kinds of body waves, and two kinds of surface waves. From the point of view of the spatial concentration of energy, waves can be divided into body waves and surface waves. Much of the motivation for joint inversion derives from two factors. endobj forward and back-scattered surface waves; and (3) body-to-surface scattered waves (Figure 1). �~6���dVz�&�Z�Y���� �d�3��W��2��*�19˅��nU>�2-ޓ M:%���6P�x@��N�����m@��e�\�y���ǫ'3���&�f��aZ�a~�|��뗯��2�����ꦭώ2�*:Q���B�y� /Resources 49 0 R (2) Ground strains caused by body and surface waves have been analyzed for original data and its separated body and surface waves. In our model, the scattering mean free path of body waves is depth dependent as a consequence of the body-to-surface coupling. The rest of the energy, which is most of the energy, is radiated from the focus of the earthquake in the form of seismic waves. >> Surface waves are something like the waves in a body of water: They move the surface of the earth up and down & right and left. /Filter /FlateDecode >> endobj Other articles where Body wave is discussed: seismic wave: …elastic waves; two, known as body waves, travel within the Earth, whereas the other two, called surface waves, travel along its surface. As their name suggests, surface waves travel just below the surface of the ground. <>
waves together to the finite fault source study. /Filter /FlateDecode In order to determine an exact equation for the problem of free surface gravity waves we will assume potential theory (ideal °ow) and ignore the efiects of viscosity. x� endstream /Subtype /Form Earthquakes radiate seismic energy as both body and surface waves. Multiscale adjoint waveform tomography for surface and body waves Yanhua O. Yuan 1, Frederik J. Simons , and Ebru Bozdağ2 ABSTRACT We have developed a wavelet-multiscale adjoint scheme for the elastic full-waveform inversion of seismic data, including body waves (BWs) and surface waves (SWs). /Filter /FlateDecode stream P- and S- waves are called \"body waves\" because they can travel through th… /FormType 1 /Resources 47 0 R A general specific energy density of surface and body waves in a medium containing a homogeneous distribution of point scatterers. /Type /XObject LINEAR FREE SURFACE WAVES FALL 2003 °c A.H. TECHET 1. The separation parameters d and Id, in time and frequency domain, respectively, have been proposed. >> endobj • Surface waves propagate at a speed lower than body waves and are recorded after the P and S waves. the surface of the Earth). Surface waves on the Seismogram Surface waves are the largest amplitude signal on the wave train Surfaces arrive after the P and S waves, because they travel along the surface layers of the Earth where velocities are lower. Seismic waves fall into two general categories: body waves (P-waves and S-waves), which travel through the interior of the earth, and surface waves, which travel only at the earth’s … /PTEX.PageNumber 1 \g��K�$[n&����D�2U#T�I5�"OO|��F��v����N���! Body waves Introduction P- and S-waves are referred to as body waves because they are transmitted through the volume (or body) of the material, as apposed to travelling along the surface. On the other hand, surface waves propagate only at the interface between two different media, like the interface between Earth and atmosphere (i.e. 10 0 obj << /Parent 46 0 R Some of the energy is expended in breaking and permanently deforming the rocks and minerals along the fault. << /S /GoTo /D [12 0 R /Fit ] >> /R 22050 /Resources 18 0 R P-waves are able to travel through both sol… Surface Waves. /ProcSet [ /PDF ] Surface waves _____. Body and surface waves Jascha Roedel, winter semester 2015/16 The term wave describes the spatial propagation of an oscillation or disturbance through a medium such as solid bodies, liquids or gases. /PTEX.FileName (./figs/anulogo.pdf) S��W���ut�R�y��"��buXEh�}�촴kF�숟C�F����pGNF��Y���`. /Length 8 Free Surface Water Waves z x y y=h(x,y,t) or F(x,y,z,t) = 0 B(x,y,z,t) = 0 Figure 1. 48 0 obj << /Length 15 @QW�N�;:r��g�w���V��K#�i�Z��K,z��K쌗��Y�Vr���ܹ��%�$��آ��>�w�:L����fm�M�2��w����r�Gn����8a��jZ'N��&�m��1X��l����S���\��l�H��~���ZR?T� �Y�a /Type /XObject Types. At longer lapse-time, the surface waves couple with body waves and the coda eventually reaches an equipartition regime when all the propagative surface and body wave modes are excited to equal energy (Weaver 1982; Hennino et al. : 48–50: 56–57 Other modes of wave propagation exist than those described in this article; though of comparatively minor importance for earth-borne waves, they are important in the case of asteroseismology. /Subtype /Form Surface waves are the slowest moving of all waves, so the most intense shaking usually comes at the end of an earthquake. %PDF-1.5
/Subtype /Form /Shading << /Sh << /ShadingType 2 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /Coords [0 0.0 0 7.99997] /Function << /FunctionType 3 /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /Functions [ << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /C0 [0.875 0.75 0.625] /C1 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /N 1 >> << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0.0 7.99997] /C0 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /C1 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /N 1 >> ] /Bounds [ 3.99998] /Encode [0 1 0 1] >> /Extend [false false] >> >> then constrained using both broadband body waves and long period seismic waves. stream /Type /Page Introduction. Seismic waves can be classified into two basic types: body waves which travel through the Earth and surface waves, which travel along the Earth's surface. /Filter /FlateDecode t�=�}��`457�G�Q�D >> These waves are of a higher frequency than surface waves. Recent forays into the joint inversion of surface waves and body waves from portable arrays (e.g., Friederich, 2003; van der Lee et al., 2001b; West et al., 2004a), are mostly in an embryonic stage, but hold promise of major improvements in imaging with further development. • Surface waves propagate along a boundary surface. x���P(�� ��endstream waves can travel through the earth's inner layers, but surface waves can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water. • Surface waves are larger in amplitude and longer in duration than body waves. Unlike body waves, surface waves are strongly dispersed in the Earth, having phase and group velocities that depend on frequency. >>>> %����
A body wave is a seismic wave that moves through the interior of the earth, as opposed to surface waves that travel near the earth's surface. <>>>
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iqH�ȕ�m�[>�Ѱ�����j�t�֨��(�)�v���(H���k�&���a /Length 15 Body waves can propagate into the interior of the corresponding medium, whereas surface waves are concentrated along the surface of the medium. Those waves that are the most destructive are the surface waves which generally have the strongest vibration. 47 0 obj << 14 0 obj << The advantage of this method over others using body waves is that it is very rapid and does not require manual intervention, so that it can be made into an automatic process suitable for real-time purposes. �1���_��w�[I;��e����\�v�`���^ /Matrix [1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000] P WAVES The … As you might imagine, only body waves can give us any information about the deep interior of the Earth. 1 0 obj
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>> how waves propagate from an earthquake hypocenter to seismic stations across the globe. /ExtGState << Body waves are of two types: Primary waves (also called P-waves, or pressure waves) and Secondary waves (S-waves, or shear waves). /BBox [0 0 362.8347 272.1261] 3 0 obj
The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth. endobj stream /BBox [0.00000000 0.00000000 129.00000000 53.00000000] • There are two types of surface waves: Rayleigh and Love waves. {:ľ?�v��XǸ��B�n_�Y�\��nl�5x��0͌�t���tH�+��p�.,�V�djC���[��]�O��W��CV�u� moment-tensor inversion using regional surface waves. 16 0 obj << The solution was updated twice in three days. Surface waves Introduction As a result of geometric spreading in 2-D, the energy carried by surface waves decays with distance r from the source as 1/r; this is in contrast to 1/r2 for body waves, which is why they are usually much less prominent on a seismogram. P waves are also known as compression waves. x���P(�� ��endstream <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth. endobj Free surface water wave problem. /FormType 1 /Type /XObject ���q���vm�x��oP�k�]�n\Ť�6��|ǯv��އ�Miќiٰ�(��`��5J'��~�J �فyn��������^�?ص_ff;������ N�5����"#̾tZ�m�JØ�$�vd��YQ��V���nh�E��aaqc�s=��v
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��A��@}�4j�U���'�v�f"}6��n�Q�7q�`]�B�n�� /Length 54 0 R 11 0 obj /Type /XObject /Length 15 /ProcSet [ /PDF ] Both types of body waves are non-dispersive (in purely elastic media). /Length 15 These oscillations are generated by strong earthquakes. The first type of body wave is called the primary wave or pressure wave, and is commonly referred to as P-waves. persion characteristics of surface waves contained in strong motion data. /BBox [0 0 8 8] 9 0 obj << formulation used for body waves, except that the surface wave ‘‘ray’’ has a sensitivity that is very wide in depth (Figure 1). /Subtype /Form /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] /BBox [0 0 16 16] x��}In.Kvޜ�� /Type /XObject /ProcSet [ /PDF ] /Filter /FlateDecode endobj
This generally causes the worst damage because the wave motion rocks the foundations of manmade structures. >> /Shading << /Sh << /ShadingType 3 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Domain [0.0 3.99998] /Coords [3.99998 3.99998 0.0 3.99998 3.99998 3.99998] /Function << /FunctionType 3 /Domain [0.0 3.99998] /Functions [ << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0.0 3.99998] /C0 [0.4375 0.375 0.3125] /C1 [0.875 0.75 0.625] /N 1 >> ] /Bounds [] /Encode [0 1 ] >> /Extend [true false] >> >> >> endobj As a longitudinal compressional waveform, P-waves move in the same way as sound waves. Seismic Waves is an on-line program which illustrates . a. travel more rapidly than body waves b. produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes c. are the first waves initially produced in an earthquake d. are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake ____ 65. stream /FormType 1 earthquake; these are body waves and surface waves. A. Although they move even more slowly than S-waves, they can be much larger in amplitude and are often the most destructive type of seismic wave. /BBox [0 0 850.3937 8] The first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary wave.This is the fastest kind of seismic wave, and, consequently, the first to 'arrive' at a seismic station. 50 0 obj << /PTEX.InfoDict 51 0 R Our preferred model, which based on the MDC fault plane, local JMA hypocenter and calibrated alignments of body and surface waves, revealed a complex rupture process. fRi6g���ߤ�!�j J�.O��ʈR�� Two types of surface waves, known as Love waves … /MediaBox [0 0 362.8347 272.1261] 4 0 obj
stream /R8 52 0 R /Annots [ 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R ] When an earthquake occurs, some of the energy it releases is turned into heat within the earth. stream <>
%PDF-1.4 >> endobj stream �;f e1�2�j�!P��b�m'dq)��k���RH����b�x�:A�G�s"8M3͓�Cg 2001). endobj /R7 53 0 R BODY WAVES Traveling through the interior of the earth, body waves arrive before the surface waves emitted by an earthquake. /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] /Resources 50 0 R Surfaces wave energy (amplitudes) decay with distance as 1 / r Body wave energy decays as 1 / r2 So at a given distance, which will have more energy ? In view of its advantage during the study of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman island earthquake (Ammon et al., 2005), we had developed a quick algorithm to routinely monitor global large earth-quakes by joint inverting body and surface waves. ��5�Z!YV�,U��;��d&�_�@�Azxx���33��o��{��� ���篷��?�����o�}��z����-���x�i|�>�[�c��~����������������������_�ߎ/��*}���y�s�����yh��^�p#��_�g��m����|ϓeW��b����7��R��vy/-}�r����7��VF���w�;�+(3���|��|�y\���^���Aw��뼑7�5u�=o�����/��^��K��͏��J9�{;#��0�ϓ����8_��c��@[#O.f��v=/�3�\�z"���W��o������r�sȥ}�yM1��Q{�!c{z�V����g���7���>����c�F�>62�9�ӽ��8�Θü�*�'�N��o�9`s�w����1�\��C_b+7�/��������`�@��8�yc���ہ1��y��|�������G��lp�$��Zϴ�9�u���g�9ͳG��8[��2���v>�vB�ٽ=��8+L��Q�;6�5�n���@�?�l�cF�����덽���������s��g��U�ٲ)5̩Չ��c��Г+O0��u��C¢���3��\�s>y�ɜ�`?py.~�o؈���?��*@݁���t�ֵ����s��ɸ��,���J���(�4 �wO#���V���꿾��0J:K?���/�w����������3���3�z�,�:�Y�. As discussed all earthquakes are relatively shallow, with the deepest at about 700 km depth. endobj Because the volumes explored by surface and body waves are signi cantly di erent, the knowledge of x��XYo7~ׯ���,�o � Ҥ�\E�A�����N���~C�r�d iz ��%=3��"9��L�#� x���P(�� ��endstream As they spread out, they alternately push (compress) and pull (expand) the ground as they move through it. >> =���Q�d'�D��xy����d�RBr�Z0�IP���`e��:�mxXK��.��(*9����9��������7�,��&M��� |�P4�2�a�i9�h�� �ax�7�T7�N7۩QX�l�Q�8�U��&�i��~���h�E�$�`��.�#�,]l�����-������t��U �`̬8b��;SIa�3o~�M����dC� �uu���/¢�.UУ��-=�:%��8�S�A�m�q=l)�$���#&�[����2�a�T3��ʬ /Shading << /Sh << /ShadingType 2 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Domain [0.0 272.12549] /Coords [0 0.0 0 272.12549] /Function << /FunctionType 3 /Domain [0.0 272.12549] /Functions [ << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0.0 272.12549] /C0 [1 1 1] /C1 [0.75 0.5 0.25] /N 1 >> ] /Bounds [] /Encode [0 1 ] >> /Extend [false false] >> >> 19 0 obj << The rupture initiated slowly at a depth of 23 km. Surface waves are typically generated when the source of the earthquake is close to the Earth’s surface. P and S waves are body waves. /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] 49 0 obj << The various problems of fluid motion treated in this article have in common the property that the fluid is subject to a gravitational force. >> /Contents 19 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode This type of seismic body wave travels at the greatest velocity through the ground. /ProcSet [ /PDF ] �&���Vc`�l)S��0@eT�,\L\YsE�ڼ�z�����%��x�#��_;_iO����
/Resources 48 0 R /FormType 1 >> endobj Body Waves The body waves propagate within a body of rock. /Resources << >> endobj /Filter /FlateDecode /FormType 1 15 0 obj << Thereby, waves do appear in various forms and differ in their characteristics. 12 0 obj << Among the many types of seismic waves, one can make a broad distinction between body waves, which travel through the Earth, and surface waves, which travel at the Earth's surface. BY JOHN V. WEHAUSEN and EDMUND V. LAITONE l With 56 Figures. These waves cause shaking that is felt, and cause damage in various ways. 2 0 obj
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