By the 18th century, it was commonly planted by both colonists and native American Indians. sabauda L. Capitata Group) is a kind of cabbage which is also known as curly cabbage. In North America, diamondback moth is now recorded everywhere that cabbage is grown. Americans consume 3.9 kg (8.6 lb) annually per capita. The leaves are fleshier and thicker than other Brassica species—an adaptation that helps it store water and nutrients in its difficult growing environment. The cabbage is a native of Mediterranean region. A hardy plant in its uncultivated form, its high tolerance for salt and lime, and its intolerance of competition from other plants, typically restrict its natural occurrence to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both sides of the English Channel,[2] and the windswept coast on the western side of the Isle of Wight. botrytis); Brussels sprouts (var. List of Lepidoptera that feed on Brassica, "Growing broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and other cole crops in Wisconsin", "Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists), Cabbages and other brassicas, 2018", "Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists), Cabbages and other brassicas, 2017", "Corriher's Compendium of Ingredients and Cooking Problems", "USDA database table for raw cabbage per 100 g", "A novel mechanism of indole-3-carbinol effects on breast carcinogenesis involves induction of Cdc25A degradation", "Chapter IV. rapa). The preference for the eating of the leaves led to the selection of plants with larger leaves being harvested and their seeds planted for the next growth. Cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads. [33] Ptolemaic Egyptians knew the cole crops as gramb, under the influence of Greek krambe, which had been a familiar plant to the Macedonian antecedents of the Ptolemies. Its scientific name is Brassica oleracea, and within this group there are two main varieties: early and late. The diamondback moth is probably of European origin but is now found throughout the Americas and in Europe, Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. [65], One of the most common bacterial diseases to affect cabbage is black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris, which causes chlorotic and necrotic lesions that start at the leaf margins, and wilting of plants. Cabbage is a good source of vitamin K, vitamin C and dietary fiber. [68] Destructive soil insects include the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and the cabbage maggot (Hylemya brassicae), whose larvae can burrow into the part of plant consumed by humans. In pepper spot, tiny black spots occur on the areas between the veins, which can increase during storage. [85] Ancient Egyptians ate cooked cabbage at the beginning of meals to reduce the intoxicating effects of wine. Charles Parrain, "The evolution of agricultural technique" in M. M. Postan, ed. Post Russo-Japanese war, the Japanese soldiers took back home the Chinese cabbage and gradually it became popular all over the world. Bailey – Chinese kale P: Species Brassica carinata A. Braun [excluded] P: Species Brassica chinensis L. – pak choi P: Species Brassica cretica Lam. Turini TA, Daugovish O, Koike ST, Natwick ET, Ploeg A, Dara SK, Fennimore SA, Joseph S, LeStrange M, Smith R, Subbarao KV, Westerdahl BB. [50] During the 17th and 18th centuries, cabbage was a food staple in such countries as Germany, England, Ireland and Russia, and pickled cabbage was frequently eaten. Other medicinal uses recorded in European folk medicine include treatments for rheumatism, sore throat, hoarseness, colic, and melancholy. Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce", "Cabbage Risk Assessment Introduction and Summary", "Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabbage&oldid=996239071, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, Taxonbars using multiple manual Wikidata items, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Ornamental plants were developed for ornamental use without regard to taste. It is also used to make kimchi and borscht, and can also be used in salads.Red cabbage juice can be used as a pH indicator. [53] Excessive water and excessive heat can also cause cultivation problems. World production of cabbage and other brassicas for 2018 was 69 million tonnes, with China accounting for 48% of the total. [14] Closer spacing reduces the resources available to each plant (especially the amount of light) and increases the time taken to reach maturity. ... Members of the brassica family, i.e., cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage and radish, but also amaranth and eggplant. Vacuum cooling rapidly refrigerates the vegetable, allowing for earlier shipping and a fresher product. Family Name: Sterculiaceae. Theophrastus mentions three kinds of rhaphanos (ῤάφανος):[7] a curly-leaved, a smooth-leaved, and a wild-type. The outer leaves are trimmed, and any diseased, damaged, or necrotic leaves are removed. Cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads. sabauda). [58] Cabbages are mature when they are firm and solid to the touch. [75] In India and Ethiopia, cabbage is often included in spicy salads and braises. The PAV haplotype is dominant; therefore, individuals with at least one copy of the PAV allele perceive molecules in vegetables that resemble PROP as tasting bitter, and consequently may develop an aversion to bitter vegetables. Vernalization allows the plant to grow to an adequate size before flowering. acephala)[3] is a member of the genus Brassica and the mustard family, Brassicaceae. The simplest options include eating the vegetable raw or steaming it, though many cuisines pickle, stew, sautée or braise cabbage. [10][11], According to the Triangle of U theory, B. oleracea is very closely related to five other species of the genus Brassica.[12]. rapa (turnip); turnip, in hand, at a farmers market. Although found throughout the plant, these compounds are concentrated in the highest quantities in the seeds; lesser quantities are found in young vegetative tissue, and they decrease as the tissue ages. [17] Scientific research into the genetic modification of B. oleracea crops, including cabbage, has included European Union and United States explorations of greater insect and herbicide resistance. Its leaves are bluish to green colored. [5] Many European and Asiatic names for cabbage are derived from the Celto-Slavic root cap or kap, meaning "head". Cabbage centre grub, cabbage webworm. Outbreaks Associated with Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce. [39] Pliny the Elder listed seven varieties, including Pompeii cabbage, Cumae cabbage and Sabellian cabbage. Plants have root systems that are fibrous and shallow. By contrast, ornamental cabbages and kales are grown primarily as foliage plants for their intensely colored leaves rather than as vegetables. The Greeks were convinced that cabbages and grapevines were inimical, and that cabbage planted too near the vine would impart its unwelcome odor to the grapes; this Mediterranean sense of antipathy survives today.[36]. Their woody stalks are sometimes dried and made into walking sticks. [16] Breeding objectives are now focused on increasing resistance to various insects and diseases and improving the nutritional content of cabbage. The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) thrive in the higher summer temperatures of continental Europe, where they cause considerable damage to cabbage crops. [2], Many shapes, colors and leaf textures are found in various cultivated varieties of cabbage. sabauda). oleracea), and belongs to the "cole crops" or brassicas, meaning it is closely related to broccoli and cauliflower (var. It is of different species of the same Brassica genus of plants. Print with name - Print without name. Commonly known as the mustard family, Brassicaceae contains some 338 genera and more than 3,700 species of flowering plants distributed throughout the world. [90] Shigella species are able to survive in shredded cabbage. By selecting for fatter stems, the variant plant known as, European preference emerged for eating immature buds, selection for, Further selection in Belgium in lateral bud led to, This page was last edited on 13 January 2021, at 21:30. These develop when cabbage is overcooked and hydrogen sulfide gas is produced.[78]. [6] The historical genus of Crucifera, meaning "cross-bearing" in reference to the four-petaled flowers, may be the only unifying feature beyond taste. September 2012. Seedlings are destroyed by the caterpillars. [5] A related species, Brassica rapa, is commonly named Chinese, napa or celery cabbage, and has many of the same uses. [37] The Pompeii cabbage was also mentioned by Columella in De Re Rustica. [56] Growers normally place plants 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 in) apart. Genetic analysis of nine wild populations on the French Atlantic coast indicated their common feral origin, deriving from plants escaped from fields and gardens.[3]. In short, Chinese cabbage … Cash and tobacco have both been described by the slang "cabbage", while "cabbage-head" means a fool or stupid person and "cabbaged" means to be exhausted or, vulgarly, in a vegetative state. All of these developed from the wild cabbage B. oleracea var. Cabbage has anti-inflammatory properties. Scientific Name. [9] The word brassica derives from bresic, a Celtic word for cabbage. tuba, var. It is native to Coastal Southern and Western Europe. [12], Cabbage seedlings have a thin taproot and cordate (heart-shaped) cotyledons. Family: Brassicaceae ⁄ Cruciferae – Mustard family Genus: Brassica L. – mustard Species: Brassica oleracea L. – cabbage Scientific Name: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis); Brussels sprouts (var. Remscheid Lüttringhausen, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Brassica oleracea (Capitata Group), commonly known as cabbage, and Brassica oleracea (Acephala Group), commonly known as kale, are cool weather vegetables that are grown for harvest of their edible leaves. Rupr.’ was suitable as the scientific name for Chinese cabbage, and we classified B. rapa var. [63], Fungal diseases include wirestem, which causes weak or dying transplants; Fusarium yellows, which result in stunted and twisted plants with yellow leaves; and blackleg (see Leptosphaeria maculans), which leads to sunken areas on stems and gray-brown spotted leaves. The main purpose of having a scientific name is to have a same name accepted and used worldwide. By the Middle Ages, cabbage had become a prominent part of European cuisine. [79] Cabbage is also a moderate source (10–19% DV) of vitamin B6 and folate, with no other nutrients having significant content per 100-gram serving (table). Brassica oleracea is a plant species that includes many common foods as cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, collard greens, Savoy cabbage, kohlrabi, and gai lan. Cabbage can be stored the longest at −1 to 2 °C (30 to 36 °F) with a humidity of 90–100 percent; these conditions will result in up to six months of longevity. [40][72], Cabbage is prepared and consumed in many ways. A brief historical sketch is in Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat. sabauda[2] or var. The Chinese cabbage later became the staple vegetable of Korea. [14] Early varieties of cabbage take about 70 days from planting to reach maturity, while late varieties take about 120 days. The scientific name of Red Cabbage is the botanical name or formal name. Each flower has four petals set in a perpendicular pattern, as well as four sepals, six stamens, and a superior ovary that is two-celled and contains a single stigma and style. Family: Brassicaceae. A smooth, widely spreading vine, with the stems trailing on mud or floating on water. B. oleracea has become established as an important human food crop plant, used because of its large food reserves, which are stored over the winter in its leaves. [13] Heads average between 0.5 and 4 kg (1 and 8 lb), with fast-growing, earlier-maturing varieties producing smaller heads. Necrotic spot is where there are oval sunken spots a few millimeters across that are often grouped around the midrib. The Cabbage family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. [31] According to Pliny, the Pompeii cabbage, which could not stand cold, is "taller, and has a thick stock near the root, but grows thicker between the leaves, these being scantier and narrower, but their tenderness is a valuable quality". It was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans; Cato and Elder praised this vegetable for its medicinal properties. capitata,[1] var. The transition from a juvenile to adult state happens when the stem diameter is about 6 mm (1⁄4 in). [71], Cabbage consumption varies widely around the world: Russia has the highest annual per capita consumption at 20 kg (44 lb), followed by Belgium at 4.7 kg (10 lb 6 oz) and the Netherlands at 4.0 kg (8 lb 13 oz). The Cabbage White is a species of very common white butterflies found everywhere in Asia and Europe, though their exact place of origin is yet unknown. In certain climates, cabbage can be planted at the beginning of the cold period and survive until a later warm period without being induced to flower, a practice that was common in the eastern US. Links. Around the fifth century BC, the formation of what is now known as kale had developed. The disease is caused by bacteria which enter natural opening at the leaf margin when water is forced out at night and drawn back in the day. 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